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Python Modules

Posted Jan 9, 2023 Updated Sep 20, 2023
By Saracen Rhue
7 min read

YAML

install

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pip3 install pyyaml

read data from a .yml file

Usage

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import yaml

with open('config.yml', 'r') as file:
    yaml_file = yaml.safe_load(file)

print(yaml_file['prime_numbers'][0])
print(yaml_file['rest']['url'])

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rest:
  url: "https://example.org/primenumbers/v1"
  port: 8443
prime_numbers: [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19]

Icecream

icecream is a Python library that makes it easier to debug your code by printing variables and expressions to stdout. It’s a drop-in replacement for print() that adds a lot of useful features.

install

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pip3 install icecream

Usage

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import icecream as ice
from icecream import ic

test = "hello world"
ic(test)

output:

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ic| test: 'hello world'

Documentation

You don’t need to import icecream in every file. Instead you can add this to your main.py:

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ice.install()

You can disable or enable icecream with:

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ic.disable()

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ic.enable()

icecream

Pick

install

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pip3 install pick

Usage

Select multiple items

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from pick import pick

title = 'Please choose your favorite programming language (press SPACE to mark, ENTER to continue): '
options = ['Java', 'JavaScript', 'Python', 'PHP', 'C++', 'Erlang', 'Haskell']
selected = pick(options, title, multiselect=True, min_selection_count=1)
print(selected)

[('Java', 0), ('C++', 4)] Returns an array with Tuples containing the selected String and the coressponding index
You can access items like a 2d array

Select one item

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from pick import pick

title = 'Please choose your favorite programming language: '
options = ['Java', 'JavaScript', 'Python', 'PHP', 'C++', 'Erlang', 'Haskell']
option, index = pick(options, title)
print(option)
print(index)

Options

  • options: a list of options to choose from
  • title: (optional) a title above options list
  • indicator: (optional) custom the selection indicator, defaults to *
  • default_index: (optional) set this if the default selected option is not the first one
  • multiselect: (optional), if set to True its possible to select multiple items by hitting SPACE
  • min_selection_count: (optional) for multi select feature to dictate a minimum of selected items before continuing
  • screen: (optional), if you are using pick within an existing curses application set this to your existing screen object. It is assumed this has initialised in the standard way (e.g. via curses.wrapper(), or curses.noecho(); curses.cbreak(); screen.kepad(True))

Beautiful Soup 4

install

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pip3 install requests
pip3 install beautifulsoup4

Usage

Get HTML

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import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

URL = "https://example.org"

r = requests.get(URL)
soup = BeautifulSoup(r.content, 'html.parser')

Format HTML

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print(soup.prettify())

Search for elements

Search for elements by tag and class name

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tag = soup.find('h2', class_='sc-1b6bgon-2 edmOvr font-primary')

Search for elements by tag and id

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tag = soup.find('h2', id='title')

Search for elements by tag and attribute

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tag = soup.find('h2', attrs={'data-id': 'title'})

Get text and attributes

Get text inside a tag

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text = tag.text

Get attribute value

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href = tag.get('href')

Selenium

install

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brew install geckodriver
pip3 install selenium

automate web browser

Usage

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from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from os import system as cmd


driver = webdriver.Firefox() #open browser
driver.maximize_window() #maximize window
driver.get("https://www.google.com") #open url

tag_name = driver.find_elements(by=By.TAG_NAME, value="a") #find all elements with tag name a
class_names = driver.find_elements(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value="myclass") #find all elements with class name myclass
id_name = driver.find_elements(by=By.ID, value="myid") #find element with id myid


element = tag_name[0] #select first element
element.click() #click element
inner_html_text = element.text #get text inside a tag
href = element.get_attribute("href") #get attribute value
url = driver.current_url #get current url
driver.close() #close browser
cmd("pkill firefox") #close all firefox instances

headless mode

Run selenium without opening a browser window.

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op = webdriver.FirefoxOptions()
op.add_argument('--headless')
driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=op)

Streamlit

install

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pip3 install streamlit

Usage

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import streamlit as st

st.title("Hello World!")

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streamlit run main.py

Components

title

The title of a streamlit page

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st.title("Hello World!")

Display text

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st.text('Fixed width text')
st.markdown('_Markdown_') # see *
st.latex(r''' e^{i\pi} + 1 = 0 ''')
st.write('Most objects') # df, err, func, keras!
st.write(['st', 'is <', 3]) # see *
st.title('My title')
st.header('My header')
st.subheader('My sub')
st.code('for i in range(8): foo()')
* optional kwarg unsafe_allow_html = True

Display data

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st.dataframe(my_dataframe)
st.table(data.iloc[0:10])
st.json({'foo':'bar','fu':'ba'})
st.metric('My metric', 42, 2)

Display media

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st.image('./header.png')
st.audio(data)
st.video(data)

Display interactive widgets

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st.button('Click me')
st.data_editor('Edit data', data)
st.checkbox('I agree')
st.toggle('Enable')
st.radio('Pick one', ['cats', 'dogs'])
st.selectbox('Pick one', ['cats', 'dogs'])
st.multiselect('Buy', ['milk', 'apples', 'potatoes'])
st.slider('Pick a number', 0, 100)
st.select_slider('Pick a size', ['S', 'M', 'L'])
st.text_input('First name')
st.number_input('Pick a number', 0, 10)
st.text_area('Text to translate')
st.date_input('Your birthday')
st.time_input('Meeting time')
st.file_uploader('Upload a CSV')
st.download_button('Download file', data)
st.camera_input("Take a picture")
st.color_picker('Pick a color')

Layout

Streamlt uses a column based layout. You can add columns with st.columns() and then add elements to the columns.

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col1, col2 = st.columns(2) # split into 2 columns
with col1:
    st.write('This will appear in column 1')
with col2:
    st.write('This will appear in column 2')

Multiple Pages

Stremlit can automatically create a sidebar for you. If you create every page in a seperate python file just put every page file except the main file in a folder called pages. Then a sidebar will be created automatically.

Pyautogui

install

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pip3 install pyautogui

Usage

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import pyautogui as bot

#only needed if you want to use the mouse
size = bot.size()
width = size[0]
height = size[1]

# left click
bot.click("left")

# right click
bot.click("right")

# drag from (0, 0) to (100, 100) relatively with a duration of 0.1s
bot.drag(0, 0, 100, 100, absolute=False, duration=0.1)


bot.press("enter")
bot.press("space")
bot.keyUp("shift")
bot.keyDown("shift")
bot.write("Hello world!", interval=0.25) #write text with 0.25 seconds delay between each key

Keep in mind that pyautogui may use a different keyboard layout than your system. For example, if you use a german keyboard layout, the key “z” is mapped to the key “y” in pyautogui.

documentation

Eel

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pip3 install eel

Run a webserver with python in the backend and javascript in the frontend

Usage

All website files are in the site folder.
This starts a webserver on localhost:8000 and opens the index.html file in firefox

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import eel
eel.init('site')

@eel.expose #expose function to javascript
def hello_world():
    print("Hello World!")

eel.start('index.html', mode='firefox', host='localhost', port=8000)

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eel.hello_world() //call python function

function hello_world() {
    eel.hello_world() //wrap python function in javascript function
}

passing arguments

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@eel.expose
def get_ip():
    return 'loclahost'

Here the python function returns a string which then is used in javascript

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function getIP() {
  eel.get_ip()((ip) => {
    document.querySelector('#ip').innerHTML = ip
  })
}

pyfiglet

pyfiglet is a python library to create ascii art from text

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pip3 install pyfiglet

Usage

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import pyfiglet

def text_to_ascii(text: str):
    ascii_art = pyfiglet.figlet_format(text)
    print(ascii_art)

text_to_ascii("Hello World!")

You can also pass options to the figlet_format() function to change the font and layout of the ASCII art.

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text_to_ascii("Hello World!", font="big")

This will change the font to “big”
You can see the list of available fonts by running

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print(pyfiglet.getFonts())

Discord Bot

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pip3 install discord.py

Usage

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import discord

client = discord.Client()

@client.event
async def on_ready():
    print("Bot is ready.")

@client.event
async def on_message(message):
    if message.content.startswith("!hello"):
        await message.channel.send("Hello!")

client.run("YOUR_TOKEN_HERE")

To check for admin permissions:

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if message.author == client.user and str(message.author) != ADMIN:
    break

Telegram Bot

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pip3 install python-telegram-bot

To create a new bot serarch for @BotFather in telegram and type /newbot.

Usage

starter template:

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import logging
from telegram import Update
from telegram.ext import *


TOKEN = 'your bot token'

logging.basicConfig(
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
    level=logging.INFO
)


application = ApplicationBuilder().token(TOKEN).build()
# /start function
async def start(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE):
    await context.bot.send_message(chat_id=update.effective_chat.id, text="Ok I'm working on it")

# main bot function
async def bot_response(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE):
    text = update.message.text.lower()
    if text.__contains__('hi'):
        response = 'Hello'

    await context.bot.send_message(chat_id=update.effective_chat.id, text=response)
    

# handle slash commands
application.add_handler(CommandHandler('start', start))
# handle normal messages
application.add_handler(MessageHandler(filters.TEXT, bot_response))
application.run_polling()

documentation

python, documentation
python documentation automation backend modules eel pyautogui telegram bot webserver yaml selenium pick discord beautifulsoup4 bs4
This post is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by the author.
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